Dinosaur footprints at NASA Goddard take another step

Feb. 5, 2013 ? A grouping of 110 to 112 million-year-old dinosaur footprints pressed into mud from the Cretaceous Period have now been safely moved from their original setting on the grounds of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. Until further scientific study is possible, the footprints, now wrapped in protective material, will be stored on the Goddard campus.

The discovery of dinosaur footprints came to light in August 2012 when well-known Maryland-based dinosaur hunter Ray Stanford brought one track to the center and the public's attention. Later analysis by emeritus paleontologist Rob Weems, of the U.S. Geological Survey in Reston, Va. and Goddard's consultant paleontologist Lee Monnens verified the track and discovered additional footprints hiding under a thin layer of topsoil in the same rock layer.

Earlier this year, the footprint-bearing rock was reinforced and removed.

"We successfully made a mold of the upper surface to preserve the dinosaur footprints," said Stephen Godfrey, Curator of Paleontology at the Calvert Marine Museum (www.Skullptures.com). He was contracted by Goddard to preserve and move the preserved footprints for further scientific examination and eventual display.

The original footprint was almost certainly that of a nodosaur, Godfrey confirmed.

"This is an armored type of dinosaur that had spikes all over their body. The spikes consist of bones that were embedded in their skin," he said. "With the second large print, the orientation was different, and the shape of the print is different as well."

Godfrey suspects the second creature was a three-toed ornithopod, perhaps from the iguanodontid family of dinosaurs, which were also herbivores much like the nodosaur.

A third, smaller footprint was originally found superimposed over the nodosaur track. Experts say it is likely a juvenile nodosaur meandering behind its parent on a more circuitous route.

After the dinosaurs left the footprints, single-celled organisms feeding on nutrients in the Cretaceous mud precipitated an iron-rich mineral known as hematite that solidified and preserved the tracks until natural processes buried and fossilized them, said Stanford.

Excavation of the stone with the dinosaur footprints had to wait until geologists and paleontologists learned more about the find and its surroundings, in accordance with Bureau of Land Management guidelines.

In December, 2012, Goddard scientists using ground penetrating radar showed that the sedimentary rock layer bearing these prints was preserved in its original location, but that investigation found no additional indications of locations of dinosaur track specimens of scientific value.

Further hands-on exploration by Goddard volunteers, including Godfrey, took place in mid-December 2012. Volunteers dug in several areas around the initial find location, but turned up no additional preserved footprints.

The entire find, containing at least three dinosaur footprints, is approximately seven feet long and three feet across at its widest point. Additionally, the footprint-bearing layer is bonded to a separate layer of iron-rich sandstone that complicated the efforts to extract and preserve it.

Before removing the rock layer, Godfrey made a silicon-rubber cast of the prints, then jacketed the entire find in multiple layers of plaster-soaked burlap (i.e. just like a cast) to add rigidity and to further ward against breakage during transport. Galvanized steel pipes wrapped into the jacket acted like splints to provide additional structural support.

The combined weight of the footprint, field jacket material and surrounding soil that was removed was estimated at approximately 3,000 pounds, so extra care was taken in moving it to avoid damaging the rather extraordinary find.

The future disposition of the dinosaur-track-bearing rock layer has not yet been determined. Senior management at Goddard will work with government officials and scientists to determine the best course of action.

"One of the amazing aspects of this find is that some of the starlight now seen in the night sky by astronomers was created in far-distant galaxies when these dinosaurs were walking on mud flats in Cretaceous Maryland where Goddard is now located," said Jim Garvin, Chief Scientist at NASA Goddard. "That starlight (from within the Virgo Supercluster) is only now reaching Earth after having traveled through deep space for 100 million years."

Center Director Chris Scolese added, "Much of the work at Goddard is focused on Earth and space science. The discovery and follow-on work with the dinosaur footprints created a wonderful blending of sciences. You have astronomy -- the study of the Universe, geology -- the study of the Earth, and paleontology -- the study of the prehistoric life on Earth and they have all come together here at NASA Goddard."

Read more on the history of Goddard's nodosaur: http://go.nasa.gov/PMe8rJ

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Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/Dp7wDpoYvYM/130205122901.htm

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Added benefits and Effective Tactics with Web Development ...

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Leah Russell have been a seasoned planner for Eight yrs and has learning expert improvements with web design in part of his involvement with Creative Ideas Group ,a new innovative team for innovating individuals. Find out about his website to read more about his calgary ecommerce studies over the years.

Source: http://www.vtsearchmarketing.info/SEO-Blog/website-development/added-benefits-and-effective-tactics-with-web-development/

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Humans Can Feel Terror Even If They Lack Brain's "Fear Center"

A growing body of work shows that the brain has different systems and mechanisms to respond to certain kinds of threats and physiological changes in the body

By Mo Costandi and Nature magazine

Intense fear is commonly believed to require a reaction by the brain structure called the amygdala, but that may not always be the case. Image: Flickr/Capture Queen

People seem to have more than one way to work themselves into a panic. Contrary to a long-standing assumption of neuroscientists, humans can experience fear even when they lack the brain structure widely regarded as the brain's 'fear center'.

Many studies on animals over the years have shown that the amygdala, a small, almond-shaped structure located deep inside the brain, is crucial for the fear response. This finding has been confirmed in studies of humans.

Justin Feinstein at the University of Iowa in Iowa City and his colleagues have now found that in certain situations the fear response may occur even in people who do not have a working amygdala. Their work is published online today in Nature Neuroscience.

Different fears
Feinstein and his team had been studying a 44-year-old woman with an extremely rare genetic condition called Urbach-Wiethe disease, in which the amygdala hardens and shrivels up. The woman, known as S.M., showed only minimal levels of fear when shown clips from horror films and when exposed to large spiders, snakes and other things that many people find terrifying.

One situation in which the amygdala triggers fear and panic attacks is when it detects unusually high concentrations of carbon dioxide ? a sign of possible suffocation ? by sensing increased acidity in the blood. This may occur even if CO2 is inhaled in concentrations that are not lethal. Feinstein and his colleagues therefore predicted that patients with damaged amygdalas would not feel fear after inhaling the gas.

To test this, they asked S.M., two other patients with Urbach-Wiethe disease, and 12 healthy controls to inhale 35% carbon dioxide through a mask. To their surprise, the researchers found that the brain-damaged patients did experience fear immediately after inhalation ? and, in fact, became even more fearful and panicky than did the healthy volunteers.

?The patients experienced significantly more fear and panic than the controls,? says Feinstein. In interviews conducted afterwards, all three patients reported feeling scared of suffocating and dying while inhaling the gas. For S.M., this was the first time she had experienced fear since childhood.

Different mechanisms
The amygdala plays an important role in responses to external threats, and is also involved in the social aspects of emotion, such as recognizing the facial expressions of others. These new findings clearly show, however, that it is not essential for all fear responses, and also suggest that the brain contains distinct mechanisms for generating fear in response to certain physiological changes within the body.

"This study adds to a growing body of work showing that there are different systems for responses to different kinds of threats,? says neuroscientist Joseph LeDoux at New York University in New York city.

?There is lots of evidence that the amygdala contributes to threat-evoked responses,? LeDoux adds, ?but very little evidence that it generates?the conscious experience of fear."

Feinstein now intends to use functional neuroimaging to try and identify the brain structures involved in the amygdala-independent response, which he says could include the brainstem and the insular cortex, a brain region known to be involved in bodily awareness.

This article is reproduced with permission from the magazine Nature. The article was first published on February 3, 2013.

Source: http://rss.sciam.com/click.phdo?i=aa9ca370af83ce427368158a90022337

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Green Blog: Arizona Mining Project Wins Crucial Permit

A Canadian mining company has come one step closer to building a mile-wide, half-mile-deep open-pit copper mine on public land 30 miles south of Tucson. On Thursday, Arizona?s Department of Environmental Quality granted Rosemont Copper, a subsidiary of Augusta Resource of Vancouver, a crucial air quality permit, saying emissions from the proposed mine would not violate federal standards for carbon monoxide, nitrogen and sulfur dioxide, or fine and large particles.

As I reported here last month, the mine would occupy 4,750 acres of land in the Coronado National Forest, home to 10 endangered species in one the most biologically diverse areas in the country.

Opponents of the mine include the mayor of Tucson and dozens of citizens? groups. The Environmental Protection Agency has also raised serious objections, saying the project ?would eliminate and/or significantly degrade hundreds of acres of aquatic and riparian resources,? including federal waters and critical springs and wetlands.

That Rosemont has made it this far has led critics to argue that the General Mining Law of 1872, which governs hard-rock mining, is woefully outdated and needs to be altered.

The law gave anyone with a hard-rock mining claim ?the right to mine? regardless of any alternative use of federal land. Claimants pay a fee of $2.50 to $5 an acre and do not pay royalty taxes on the minerals mined.

Randy Serragio of the Center for Biological Diversity, a conservation group, asserts that every attempt to enact significant changes of the law has failed because of campaign contributions to lawmakers from the mining companies. He said Rosemont might be described as ?the poster child? for the law because ?the potential impacts are so egregious.?

In this bone-dry region of southern Arizona, opponents worry most about the effect on water supplies. Stanley Hart, a geochemist and scientist emeritus at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution who opposes the mine, said he spent six months full time reviewing 3,000 pages of environmental studies on the project. Rosemont ?did not come close to proving that it wouldn?t pollute groundwater,? he said. ?If the aquifers get screwed up, there?s not enough money in the world to fix it.?

Mining officials say they have pioneered advanced technology to conserve water and to mitigate contamination. Conventional tailings, or the materials that are left over once ore is extracted from the rock, are mixed with water and stored in a slurry. Rosemont will use a ?dry-stack? method to store tailings, squeezing out the water and recycling it, a company spokeswoman said.

?Our footprint is less than one-third the size of a traditional mine, with one-half of the water use,? Letitia Cornacchia, vice president for investor relations and corporate communications at Augusta Resource, wrote in an e-mail.

Dr. Hart counters that Rosemont will be dumping ?exactly the same amount of waste rock and tailings as a traditional mine.? In a legal appeal of one of the mine?s water permits, he testified that the tailings, to be stored at the mining site in perpetuity, are likely to be infiltrated by rainwater and leach toxic elements like arsenic, mercury and lead into the ground and eventually the aquifers.

Ms. Cornacchia confirmed that the tailings would contain those substances, but at levels below the regulatory limits.

Rosemont Copper still has hurdles to clear. It needs final approval of its environmental impact statement, which received 25,000 public comments, from the Forest Service, and it faces current and probable court challenges to permits. The only remaining permit the company needs to obtain is the Clean Water Act Section 404 permit, issued by the Army Corps of Engineers. The E.P.A. has the ability to veto the corps decision, however.

The proposed mining site, in hills east of the Santa Rita Mountains, was once the stomping ground of the Apache warrior Geronimo. Jaguars once roamed the hills as well. In the late 1800s, the government made a concerted effort to tame the Wild West by promoting mining, ranching and other industries in the region, which mining officials point out still provide jobs and resources today.

Michael Hill, a tribal attorney for the San Carlos Apache tribe, said that a massive copper mine would threaten sites important to several Indian nations and continue a ?cycle of destruction? for a fragile ecosystem. ?That land is held in trust by the U.S. government for every single American,? he said.

Source: http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/arizona-mining-project-wins-a-key-permit/?partner=rss&emc=rss

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Source: http://www.thehollywoodgossip.com/2013/02/lady-gaga-f-bombs-former-assistant/

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Shocking Revelation: US Health Care System Wastes More Money ...

By Dr. Mercola

A review of U.S. healthcare expenses by the Institutes of Medicine¹ has revealed that 30 cents of every dollar spent on medical care is wasted, adding up to $750 billion annually.

The report identifies six major areas of waste: Unnecessary services; inefficient delivery of care; excess administrative costs; inflated prices; prevention failures; and fraud.

"Apart from the economic toll these deficiencies place, they also result in patients having to suffer needlessly. Some studies have indicated that in 2005, about 75,000 deaths could have been averted if each state had delivered healthcare at the quality and efficiency levels of the best performing state," Medical News Today reports.²

According to The Washington Times:³

"'Health care in America presents a fundamental paradox,' says the report from an 18-member panel of prominent specialists, including doctors, business people and public officials. 'The past 50 years have seen an explosion in biomedical knowledge, dramatic innovation in therapies and surgical procedures, and management of conditions that previously were fatal...

Yet, American health care is falling short on basic dimensions of quality, outcomes, costs and equity.'

...If banking worked like health care, ATM transactions would take days, the report says. If home building were like health care, carpenters, electricians and plumbers would work from different blueprints and hardly talk to each other.

If shopping were like health care, prices would not be posted and could vary widely within the same store, depending on who was paying. If airline travel were like health care, pilots would be free to design their own preflight safety checks ? or not perform one at all."

America's Health Care System Must Transform

That the health care system in the United States is hopelessly inadequate and ineffective is obvious. Statistics place the US health care system among the top three leading causes of death in the US ? an irony that never ceases to amaze me...

Furthermore, Americans spend more on health care than citizens of any other country, up to 1.5 times more per person, yet we rank 50th in life expectancy and 47th in infant mortality. These are absolutely dismal outcomes from the most expensive health care system in the world!

According to Medical News Today:⁴

"The Committee said that aiming for just incremental upgrades and alterations carried out by individual hospitals or health care providers will have little impact on improving the nation's overall health care service...

The only way the USA's healthcare system can really improve is to transform it into a learning system that continuously improves itself by 'systematically capturing and broadly disseminating lessons from every care experience and new research discovery...'

The report urges insurance providers, professional societies, researchers, and health economists to work together to find ways of measuring quality performance and to design new payment models and incentives that reward quality rather than volume."

That would be a good start. But we cannot ignore the all-pervasive influence of the pharmaceutical industry on our health care system. Conflicts of interest that affect not only the quality but also the cost of care are rampant throughout the entire system, starting with our medical education. Doctors today are trained to prescribe drugs and to treat symptoms, and are taught virtually nothing about nutrition and fitness, which are cornerstones for good health. Ultimately, if we want to improve the health care system, we must address the blind reliance on drugs as the number one strategy for disease prevention and treatment.

Medicare Bill "Upcoding" Costs Tax Payers $1.1 Billion Annually

In related news, an investigation conducted by the Center for Public Integrity found "upcoding" Medicare bills cost taxpayers about $1.1 billion annually.

"Between 2001 and 2010, doctors increasingly moved to higher-paying codes for billing Medicare for office visits while cutting back on lower-paying ones, according to a year-long examination of about 362 million claims. In 2001, the two highest codes were listed on about 25 percent of the doctor-visit claims; in 2010, they were on 40 percent. Similarly, hospitals sharply stepped up the use of the highest codes for emergency room visits while cutting back on the lowest codes," The Washington Post reports.⁵

However, while Medicare fraud is becoming increasingly common, it's worth noting that the pharmaceutical industry as a whole is the biggest defrauder of all.⁶ From over-pricing and false claims for medical services, to gross misconduct and mismanaged care of senior citizens in nursing homes, the pharmaceutical industry leads the pack in health care fraud and abuse. It's been that way for decades. That's why the U.S. government has repeatedly enacted new laws ? in 1986, 1996, 2009, and 2010 ? to crack down on offenders.

The 1986 legislation strengthened a Civil War-era fraud law, the False Claims Act, with incentives for private citizens to report fraud and abuse of government programs by corporate America.⁷ This law enabled "whistleblowers" to expose corporate criminals whose crimes had previously gone undetected. But it didn't stop these crimes, so a decade later Congress created the Health Care Fraud and Abuse Control (HCFAC) program, which provides for huge fines and prison sentences for health care fraud and abuse.

Enacted with the passage of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and administered jointly by the Department of Justice (DOJ) and Health and Human Services (HHS), this program has returned over $18 billion to the Medicare Trust Fund since 1997⁸ ? most of which came from pharmaceutical companies. It, too, helped root out previously undetected corporate criminals, as well as those committed by individuals, hospitals and other health service providers.

Still, the fraud went on. So, in 2009, Congress enacted yet another enforcement tool under the Affordable Care Act and the formation of the Health Care Fraud Prevent & Enforcement Team (HEAT). In 2010 alone, the DOJ and HHS reported they'd collected a total of $4 billion as a result of judgments and settlements involving Medicare.⁹

The bulk of these funds are from drug companies, making the pharmaceutical industry the new government fraud leader, surpassing the former top fraud perpetrator, the defense industry.^10?That's why HHS and the DOJ decided in 2010 to form yet another committee to address just drug company crimes: The Pharmaceutical Fraud Pilot Project (PFPP),¹¹ with the goal of rooting out pharmaceutical, biologic, and medical device fraud.

It's quite clear that the fraud and deceit against Medicare by Big Pharma is so great that no amount of anti-fraud agencies seem capable of stopping it. This is evidenced by the fact that many drug companies are repeat offenders. Fines for illegal activities appear to be viewed as the cost of doing business... Is it any wonder then that some of the drug companies repeatedly caught defrauding the Medicare system are also listed in AllBusiness.com's Top Corporate Criminals of the 1990s?

Big Pharma's Offshore Fraud Strategy

Over the past few years, Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline, Bristol-Myers, AstraZeneca, and Abbott Laboratories have all paid huge sums to settle civil and criminal allegations of illegal sales and marketing practices. Most recently, GlaxoSmithKline plead guilty in the largest health fraud settlement in US history. The company was fined $3 billion to resolve criminal and civil liability charges related to illegal drug marketing andwithholding information about health hazards associated with its diabetes drug Avandia.

Proving that illegal business practices are standard practice within the pharmaceutical industry, Forbes¹² recently reported that many pharmaceutical companies are now being investigated for using bribes to boost sales outside the US as well. Referred to as "emerging markets," these potential consumers are located in Asia, Europe, and the Middle East.

The U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) makes it illegal to bribe foreign officials to win business, but nonetheless it happens ? as evidenced by Pfizer, the world's largest drugmaker, which paid $60.2 million to the U.S. in August to settle charges that the company bribed an assortment of government health officials, including doctors, in China, Russia, Italy, Bulgaria, Croatia, Servia, and Kazakhstan.

According to Forbes:

"The company had something of a 'frequent flyer' program for bribery. 'Pfizer subsidiaries in several countries had bribery so entwined in their sales culture that they offered points and bonus programs to improperly reward foreign officials who proved to be their best customers,' said Kara Brockmeyer, Chief of the SEC Enforcement Division's Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Unit."

Have You Taken Control of Your Health?

As you can see, there's no shortage of evidence that the US health care system is in need of urgent transformation. Hundreds of thousands are killed by medical care itself, while others are walking around with far less than stellar health due to conventional treatments. Rates of chronic diseases are through the roof, and we're facing epidemics of obesity, heart disease, diabetes, depression and too many others to list. As a whole, Americans are not healthy ? they're tired, depressed, stressed out and often in pain.

As patients, many people have taken their health into their own hands by abandoning this fatally flawed medical model and embracing holistic modalities that can help heal on a body-wide level.

It's important to remember that the more you take responsibility for your own health ? in the form of nurturing your body to prevent disease ? the less you need to rely on the "disease care" that passes for health care in the United States. If you carefully follow some basic health principles ? simple things like exercising, eating whole foods, sleeping enough, getting sun exposure, and reducing stress in your life ? you will drastically reduce your need for conventional medical care, which in and of itself will reduce your chances of suffering ill side effects.

I recently completed the first major revision of my Nutrition Plan, which can guide you, step by step, toward optimal health. It's now significantly improved and contains a number of updated recommendations, such as the addition of fermented vegetables as a source of healthful probiotics; and using intermittent fasting and high intensity exercise to really optimize your health.

The Plan is divided into three stages: beginner, intermediate, and advanced. If you realize you're already doing all the things included in the beginner's phase, then it may be time to move on to the next phase.

I strongly recommend reviewing the revised Nutritional Plan whenever your schedule allows. It is a very detailed and comprehensive program ? it's basically an entire book, in multi-media format, as we've now added lots of informative videos to it as well. If you're new to the site, I encourage you to go through it from the beginning as it is one of the most powerful tools to truly allow you and your family to take control of your health.

After you've reviewed the plan, feel free to add your feedback or comments about the plan in the Vital Votes section on the re-launch page.

Yes, You Can Influence Your Doctor as Well...

In the event you do need medical care, seek a health care practitioner who will help you move toward complete wellness by helping you discover and understand the hidden causes of your health challenges... and create a customized and comprehensive ? i.e. holistic ? treatment plan for you.

What's more, you can have an impact on your doctor's tendency to recommend natural alternatives, as when you inquire about them, some health care providers do in fact listen. Remember, when you do go to the doctor, know that it's OK to ask questions and opt for less medical intervention while choosing a more natural way of healing your body.

If your physician is not open to such options, it may be time to find one who is, who can help coach you and your family to take control of your health.

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Source: http://www.mmshealthyforlife.com/?p=22773

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Ofcom mulls letting all UK carriers reuse spectrum for LTE

British regulator Ofcom gave EE special license to reuse 1,800MHz spectrum for its fledgling LTE network; to put it mildly, that rubbed other carriers the wrong way. The agency may be more open to a level playing field, as it's proposing letting everyone follow a similar route, and then some. Following calls from H3G (Three), Telefonica (O2) and Vodafone, Ofcom has offered to let all UK providers repurpose both their 1,800MHz airwaves as well as the 900MHz and 2,100MHz bands. We won't have too long to wait before a decision: Ofcom will decide on the proposal in the second quarter, which might come just in time for carriers to supplement whatever bandwidth they get from 4G auctions. Especially when hardware already exists that could use the frequencies for faster speeds, success could see the trickle of UK LTE become more of a torrent.

Filed under: Cellphones, Wireless, Mobile

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Via: The Next Web

Source: Ofcom (PDF)

Source: http://www.engadget.com/2013/02/02/ofcom-mulls-letting-all-uk-carriers-reuse-spectrum-for-lte/

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